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Zhou Tong (archer)
Zhou (or Jow) Tong ( and 周侗; pinyin: Zhōu Tóng) (died late 1121 CE) was the archery teacher and second military arts tutor of famous Song Dynasty general Yue Fei. Originally a local hero from Henan, he was hired to continue Yue Fei's military training in archery after the boy had rapidly mastered spearplay under his first teacher. In addition to the future general, Zhou accepted other children as archery pupils. During his tutelage, Zhou taught the children all of his skills and even rewarded Yue with his two favorite bows because he was his best pupil. After Zhou's death, Yue would regularly visit his tomb twice a month and perform unorthodox sacrifices that far surpassed that done for even beloved tutors. Yue later taught what he had learned from Zhou to his soldiers and they were successful in battle.〔Kaplan, Edward Harold. ''Yueh Fei and the founding of the Southern Sung''. Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Iowa, 1970. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1970., pp. 10-12〕
With the publishing of Yue Fei's 17th folklore biography, ''The Story of Yue Fei'' (1684), a new distinct fictional Zhou Tong emerged, which differed greatly from his historical persona. Not only was he now from Shaanxi; but he was Yue's adopted father, a learned scholar with knowledge of the eighteen weapons of war, and his personal name was spelled with a different, yet related, Chinese character.〔Hsia, C.T. ''C. T. Hsia on Chinese Literature''. Columbia University Press, 2004 (ISBN 0231129904), pp. 448-449, footnote #31〕 The novel's author portrayed him as an elderly widower and military arts tutor who counted Lin Chong and Lu Junyi, two of the fictional 108 outlaws on which the ''Water Margin'' is based, among his former pupils.〔Qian, Cai. ''General Yue Fei''. Trans. Honorable Sir T.L. Yang. Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd.,1995 (ISBN 978-962-04-1279-0), pg. 39〕 A later republican era folktale by noted Yangzhou storyteller Wang Shaotang not only adds Wu Song to this list, but represents Zhou as a knight-errant with supreme swordsmanship. The tale also gives him the nickname "Iron Arm", which he shares with the executioner-turned-outlaw Cai Fu, and makes the outlaw Lu Zhishen his sworn brother.〔〔 Because of his association with the outlaws, he is often confused with the similarly named outlaw Zhou Tong.〔 See number 6 on pg. 4. Notice the author portrays him as the outlaw from the Water Margin and spells his name as 周通, instead of the correct 周同 (historical) or 周侗 (fictional).〕
Various wuxia novels and folk legends have endowed Zhou with different kinds of martial and supernatural skills. These range from mastery of the bow, double broadswords, and Chinese spear to that of Wudang hard qigong and even x-ray vision. Practitioners of Eagle Claw, Chuojiao and Xingyi commonly include him within their lineage history because of his association with Yue Fei, the supposed progenitor of these styles. He is also linked to Northern Praying Mantis boxing via Lin Chong and Yan Qing. Wang Shaotang's folktale even represents him as a master of Drunken Eight Immortals boxing.〔Børdahl, 1996: pg. 373〕 However, the oldest historical record that mentions his name only says he taught archery to Yue Fei.〔Yue, Ke (岳柯). ''Jin Tuo Xu Pian'' (金佗续编), 1234 - Chapter 28, pg. 16〕 Nothing is ever said about him knowing or teaching a specific style of Chinese martial arts.
Zhou has appeared in various forms of media such as novels, comic books, and movies. His rare 20th century biography, ''Iron Arm, Golden Sabre'', serves as a sequel to ''The Story of Yue Fei'' because it details his adventures decades prior to taking Yue as his pupil.〔 This was later adapted into a ten volume Lianhuanhua comic book.〔Xiong, Ti (匈棣). ''The Legend of Zhou Tong'' (周侗传奇) (Vol. 1-10). Zhejiang Literature and Art Publishing House (浙江美术 出版社), 1987〕 He also appears in a novel concerning one of his fictional martial arts brothers.〔Lou, Yun He (楼云和). ''Jin Tai Fights the Shaolin Monastery Three Times'' (金台三打少林寺). Zhejiang Literature & Art Publishing House (浙江文艺出版社), 1986〕 He was portrayed by three different actors in a string of black and white Yue Fei films produced in the 1940s and 1960s, one of which featured a ten-year-old Sammo Hung as the lead. Veteran martial arts actor Yu Chenghui, who played the sword-wielding antagonist in Jet Li's ''Shaolin Temple'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/people.asp?id=2329 )〕 stated in a 2005 interview that he has always wanted to portray Zhou in a film.
== History ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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